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Paul Frankl (22 April 1878 – 30 January 1962) was an Austro-Hungarian-born art historian. Frankl is most known for his discussions of architectural principles and history, which he famously organized within a Gestalt-oriented framework. ==Early education and career, 1878-1934== Paul Frankl was born in Prague into the prominent rabbinic Spira-Frankl family. From 1888-1896, he attended a German Gymnasium, after which he enrolled in the German Staats-Obergymnasium of Prague, graduating in 1896. He served for one year as Lieutenant in the Austrian military. He converted to Catholicism, in order to receive a higher education in Germany. Conversion was not uncommon during this era. He entered the Technische Hochschule in Munich and, later, Berlin, to graduate in 1904 with a degree in architecture.〔("Frankl, Paul" ). ''Dictionary of Art Historians. A Biographical Dictionary of Historic Scholars, Museum Professionals and Academic Historians of Art.''〕 While in Berlin, Frankl fostered social relationships with circles of philosophers and artists that included fellow Pragueian, Max Wertheimer who knew Käthe Kollwitz. These people not only introduced Frankl to new systems of thinking, such as Gestalt psychology, but also to his future wife, the artist and musician, Elsa Herzberg. Elsa Herzberg shared a studio with Käthe Kollwitz. The couple eventually had five children. In 1908, Frankl left his work as an architect to study philosophy, history, and art history at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich under Heinrich Wölfflin and Berthold Riehl, the founder of the Institut für Kunstgeschichte. Riehl supervised Frankl's doctoral dissertation on fifteenth-century glass painting in southern Germany.〔 After the completion of his dissertation in 1910, Frankl worked as Wölfflin's assistant and wrote his ''Habilitationschrift'', which offered a systematic definition of the formal principles of architecture from the Renaissance onwards.〔Paul Crossley. "Frankl, Paul". Oxford Art Online〕 This work was influenced by Wölfflin's understanding of architectural development, but it did not follow Wölfflin's views on formalism. From 1914-1920, Frankl held a position as privatdozent, which enabled him to teach at the University of Munich while contributing to the ''Handbuch der Kunstwissenschaft'' (ed. Albert Brinckmann and Fritz Burger).〔 In 1914, Frankl wrote his first theoretical work, ''Die Entwicklungsphasen der neueren Baukunst'' (1914). ''Die Entwicklungsphasen'' proposes four major categories of art history analysis that Frankl continued to use in his later work. The categories include spatial composition, treatment of mass and surface, treatment of optical effects, and the relation of design to social function.〔 Frankl held an assistant professorship at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 1920-1921, after which he became full professor at Halle University. It was here that Frankl initiated his lifelong interest in medieval architecture. His study, ''Die frühmittelalterliche und romanische Baukunst'' (1926) exemplifies his categorical distinctions between Romanesque and Gothic architecture - the former being "additive", "frontal", and "structural" while the latter is "partial", "diagonal", and "textural".〔 In 1933, Frankl's enthusiasm for medieval architecture encouraged him to join a group of medievalists at the 13th International Congress of the History of Art in Stockholm to view the only gothic church whose original wooden arch scaffolding was still extant.〔 The Nazis terminated Frankl's position in Halle in 1934. Upon leaving the university, Frankl returned to Munich and wrote his monumental treatise, ''Das System der Kunstwissenschaft'' (1938), which offered a comprehensive history of art grounded in phenomenology and morphology.〔 Das System was issued in Czechoslovakia since Jewish authors were censured in Germany and Austria. During this time, Frankl also made a brief trip to Constantinople.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paul Frankl」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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